Descrizione
Il nome Picralima deriva dal greco πικρός, che significa amaro, probabile riferimento all’amarezza dei semi della pianta.
Questo genere includeva un tempo anche Hunteria umbellata e simii ma ad oggi è monospecifico [1].
Descrizione
Descrizione
Ordine: Gentianales
Famiglia: Apocynaceae
Genere: Picralima
Specie: P. nitida
Origine: Africa tropicale occidentale e centrale
L’akuamma (Picralima nitida) è un albero tropicale glabro che cresce fino a 35m d’altezza e 60cm di diametro.
Sviluppa foglie opposte, semplici e intere di forma ellittica o oblunghe lunghe fino a 25cm.
Produce delle infiorescenze ombrelliformi di circa 10cm formate da fiori regolari ed ermafroditi di colore giallino.
Il frutto è formato da due follicoli lisci lunghi fino a 20cm ciascuno di colore arancio-giallino che contengono diversi semi.
Coltivazione
E’ una pianta tropicale molto difficile da coltivare:
-Seminare i semi ad appena 1cm di profondità in un comune terriccio a mezz’ombra leggero, ben drenante e ricco.
-Mantenere umido il terriccio fino alla germinazione.
-Potrebbe essere necessario fare germinare i semi in vasetto e poi trapiantarli se il clima non è abbastanza caldo ed umido, la germinazione avviene dalle 2 alle 6 settimane.
-Teme il freddo e la siccità.
In Cameroon e Guinea il decotto a base di frutto e corteccia della pianta viene consumato contro la tosse o la febbre tifoide. Le genti della tribù dei Fang li masticano per sopprimere la fame durante le lunghe camminate nella foresta [3].
Nella medicina popolare congolese il decotto di corteccia d’akuamma si beve come purgante e rimedio per l’ernia, mischiato ad altre piante viene impiegato contro la gonorrea.
Nella zona più occidentale della Nigeria il frutto viene indicato nel trattamento dell’asma [4].
In Costa d’Avorio i semi impastati con l’acqua vegono assunti in caso di pressione arteriosa alta [5].
PESTICIDA
Estratti metanolici ed acquosi a base di foglie e semi di Picralima nitida hanno un effetto larvicida concentrazione e tempo-dipendente sul terzo e quarto stadio precoce della zanzara Anopheles gambiae [44].
polifenoli: derivati cumestanici;
terpenoidi: sabinene, terpinenolo, α-selinene, β-cariofillene, β-selinene, α-terpineolo, α-pinene, cimene, eudesmolo, β-cuvebene, β-pinene e α-umulene;
steroli;
flavonoidi;
saponine;
tannini.
Il seme è la parte della pianta più potente e può arrivare oltre il 5% di alcaloidi del peso secco [46].
2)Akabassi, Ghislain Comlan, et al. “Economic value, endogenous knowledge and distribution of Picralima nitida (Stapf) T. Durand and H. Durand in Africa.” AAS Open Research 3 (2020).
3)Adjanohoun, J. E., N. Aboobakar, and K. Dramane. “Traditional Medicine and Pharmacopoeia: Contribution to Ethnobotanical and Floristic Studies in Cameroon, Porto-Novo, Benin.” Organisation of African Unity Scientific Technical and Research Commission. Centre National de Production de Mannels Scolaries (1996).
4)Sonibare, M. A., and Z. O. Gbile. “Ethnobotanical survey of anti-asthmatic plants in South Western Nigeria.” African Journal of Traditional, Complementary and Alternative Medicines 5.4 (2008).
5)Marie-Solange, Tiébré, Aké-Assi Emma, and Zirihi Guédé Noël. “Ethnobotanical study of plants used to treat arterial hypertension, in traditional medicine, by Abbey and Krobou populations of Agboville (Côte-d’Ivoire).” European Journal of Scientific Research 35.1 (2009).
6)Menzies, John RW, et al. “Opioid activity of alkaloids extracted from Picralima nitida (fam. Apocynaceae).” European Journal of Pharmacology 350.1 (1998).
7)Duwiejua, M., E. Woode, and D. D. Obiri. “Pseudo-akuammigine, an alkaloid from Picralima nitida seeds, has anti-inflammatory and analgesic actions in rats.” Journal of Ethnopharmacology 81.1 (2002).
8)Arens, H., et al. “Detection of pericine, a new CNS-active indole alkaloid from Picralima nitida cell suspension culture by opiate receptor binding studies.” Planta medica 46.12 (1982).
9)Ndelo, D., and Théophile Dimo. “Sedative and Anxiolytic Properties of Aqueous Extract of Seeds of Picralima Nitida (Apocynaceae).”
10)Dapaah, Gabriel, et al. “Antitussive, expectorant and analgesic effects of the ethanol seed extract of Picralima nitida (Stapf) Th. & H. Durand.” Research in pharmaceutical sciences 11.2 (2016).
11)Britten, Adam Zygmunt. Picraline and the Bases of Picralima nitida. The University of Manchester (United Kingdom), 1963.
12)Creed, Simone M., et al. “Isolation and pharmacological characterization of six opioidergic Picralima nitida alkaloids.” Journal of Natural Products 84.1 (2020).
13)Ajayi, Clement O., et al. “Neurobehavioural and repeated-dose toxicity studies on the extractive from the decoction of a mixture of Alstonia boonei and Picralima nitida in mice.” Comparative Clinical Pathology 29 (2020).
14)Shittu, Hafsat, et al. “Glucose uptake stimulatory effect of akuammicine from Picralima nitida (Apocynaceae).” Phytochemistry Letters 3.1 (2010).
15)N’dri, Fulgence Kouakou Kouassi, et al. “Phytochemical and toxicological studies of an extract of the seeds of Picralima nitida (stapf)(apocynaceae) and its pharmacological effects on the blood pressure of rabbit.” Journal of Biology and Life Sciences 6.1 (2015).
16)Ossibi, Etou et al. “CHEMICAL SCREENING AND ANTICONVULSANT ACTIVITY OF THE AQUEOUS EXTRACT OF THE BARKS OF TRUNK OF PICRALIMA NITIDA STAPF (APOCYNACEAE) IN ALBINOS MICE.” (2017).
17)Otoo, Lydia Francisca, et al. “Assessment of an ethanolic seed extract of Picralima nitida ([Stapf] Th. and H. Durand) on reproductive hormones and its safety for use.” Journal of Intercultural Ethnopharmacology 4.4 (2015).
18)De Campos, Opeyemi Christianah, et al. “Protective Role of Picralima nitida Seed Extract in High-Fat High-Fructose-Fed Rats.” Advances in pharmacological and pharmaceutical sciences 2020 (2020).
19)Teugwa, Clautilde Mofor, et al. “Antioxidant and antidiabetic profiles of two African medicinal plants: Picralima nitida (Apocynaceae) and Sonchus oleraceus (Asteraceae).” BMC complementary and alternative medicine 13.1 (2013).
20)Kazeem, Mutiu I., Jesuyon V. Ogunbiyi, and A. O. Ashafa. “In vitro studies on the inhibition of α-amylase and α-glucosidase by leaf extracts of Picralima nitida (Stapf).” Tropical Journal of Pharmaceutical Research 12.5 (2013).
21)Inya-Agha, S. I., S. C. Ezea, and O. A. Odukoya. “Evaluation of Picralima nitida hypoglycemic activity, toxicity and analytical standards.” Planta Medica 72.11 (2006).
22)Yessoufou, Akadiri, et al. “Anti-hyperglycemic effects of three medicinal plants in diabetic pregnancy: modulation of T cell proliferation.” BMC complementary and alternative medicine 13.1 (2013).
23)Ezeamuzie, I. C., et al. “Anti-inflammatory, antipyretic and anti-malarial activities of a West African medicinal plant–Picralima nitida.” African Journal of Medicine and Medical Sciences 23.1 (1994).
24)Duwiejua, M., E. Woode, and D. D. Obiri. “Pseudo-akuammigine, an alkaloid from Picralima nitida seeds, has anti-inflammatory and analgesic actions in rats.” Journal of Ethnopharmacology 81.1 (2002).
25)Ajayi, Abayomi M., et al. “Aqueous extract of dry powder blend of seeds and leaves of Picralima nitida (Stapf) T. & H. Durand reduce pain and inflammation in animal models.” Journal of Basic and Clinical Physiology and Pharmacology 32.2 (2021).
26)Dapaah, Gabriel, et al. “The possible mode of antitussive and expectorant activity of the ethanol seed extracts of Picralima nitida ((Stapf) Th. & H. Durand).” Journal of traditional and complementary medicine 7.1 (2017).
27)Engel, Nadja, et al. “Pro-apoptotic and anti-adhesive effects of four African plant extracts on the breast cancer cell line MCF-7.” BMC complementary and alternative medicine 14.1 (2014).
28)Yessoufou, Akadiri, et al. “Anti-hyperglycemic effects of three medicinal plants in diabetic pregnancy: modulation of T cell proliferation.” BMC complementary and alternative medicine 13.1 (2013).
29)Mbegbu, Edmund C., et al. “In vitro uterotonic effects of ethanolic fruit extract of Picralima nitida (Stapf) on isolated uterine smooth muscles of rats.” Journal of Agriculture and Veterinary Science 7.3 (2014).
30)Mathew, Okonta Jegbefume, Adibe Maxwell Ogochukwu, and Ubaka Chukwuemeka Michael. “Antiulcer activity of methanolic extract and fractions of Picralima nitida seeds (Apocynacaea) in rats.” Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Medicine 4.1 (2011).
31)MacDonald, Idu, et al. “Hepatoprotective potentials of Picralima nitida against in vivo carbon tetrachloride-mediated hepatotoxicity.” J Phytopharmacol 5.1 (2016).
32)Nwankwo, N. E., et al. “Liver and Kidney Function Tests and Histological Study on Malaria Parasite Infected Mice Administered with Seed Extract of Picralima nitida.” Int J Biochem Res Rev [Internet] 8.2 (2015).
33)Inkoto, Clément Liyongo, Jean-Pierre Kayembe Kayembe, and Pius Tshimankinda Mpiana. “A review on the Phytochemistry and Pharmacological properties of Picralima nitida Durand and H.(Apocynaceae family): A potential antiCovid-19 medicinal plant species.” Emergent Life Sciences Research 6 (2020).
34)Odelola, H.A., Adu, F.D. and Somuyiwa Adedotun T. “A preliminary study of the antiviral activity of crude extracts of Picralima nitida (Apocynaceae) and Diospyros mespiliformis (Ebenaceae).” Phytotherapy Research (1998).
35)Kouitcheu, Laure Brigitte Mabeku, Joseph Lebel Tamesse, and Jacques Kouam. “The anti-shigellosis activity of the methanol extract of Picralima nitida on Shigella dysenteriae type I induced diarrhoea in rats.” BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine 13.1 (2013).
36)Kouam, Jacques, et al. “Antimicrobial glycosides and derivatives from roots of Picralima nitida.” International Journal of Chemistry 3.2 (2011).
37)Iwu, Maurice M., and Daniel L. Kiayman. “Evaluation of the in vitro antimalarial activity of Picralima nitida extracts.” Journal of Ethnopharmacology 36.2 (1992).
38)François, G., et al. “Constituents of Picralima nitida display pronounced inhibitory activities against asexual erythrocytic forms of Plasmodium falciparum in vitro.” Journal of ethnopharmacology 54.2-3 (1996).
39)Bickii, Jean, et al. “Antimalarial activity in crude extracts of some Cameroonian medicinal plants.” African Journal of Traditional, Complementary and Alternative Medicines 4.1 (2007).
40)Okokon, Jude E., et al. “Evaluation of antiplasmodial activity of ethanolic seed extract of Picralima nitida.” Journal of Ethnopharmacology 111.3 (2007).
41)Kapadia, Govind J., Cindy K. Angerhofer, and Reginald Ansa-Asamoah. “Akuammine: an antimalarial indolemonoterpene alkaloid of Picralima nitida seeds.” Planta medica 59.06 (1993).
42)Wosu, L. O., & Ibe, C. (1989). Use of extracts of Picralima nitida bark in the treatment of experimental trypanosomiasis: A preliminary study. Journal of ethnopharmacology, 25(3).
43)Iwu, Maurice M., et al. “Evaluation of plant extracts for antileishmanial activity using a mechanism-based radiorespirometric microtechnique (RAM).” Planta Medica 58.05 (1992).
44)Dibua, Uju Marie-Esther, et al. “Larvicidal activity of Picralima nitida, an environmental approach in malaria vector control.” American Journal of Research Communication 1.12 (2013).
45)Koffi, N. G., A. A. Emma, and D. K. Stephane. “Evaluation of Picralima nitida acute toxicity in the mouse.” Int. J Res. Pharm. Sci 4 (2014).
46)Nwaogu, Linus A. “Chemical Profile of Picralima Nitida Seeds used in Ethnomedicine in West Africa.”
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