Dioscoride il Greco menziona l’agua de azahar, il distillato di boccioli d’arancia amara, come un tonico per cuore e stomaco utile per controllare gli svenimenti post-natali [1].

Nel Medioevo il Citrus aurantium si diffuse fra i medici arabi, nella medicina tradizionale Persiana viene consumato ancora oggi come sedativo e sonnifero [2].
In Turchia ha una lunga tradizione come narcotico, antisettico, sedativo, energizzante, tonico, rimedio per scorbuto e mal di stomaco. In Iran i fiori vengono infusi e decotti come sedativi ed ansiolitici.
Tra i contadini della provincia di Gilan la buccia essiccata viene indicata nel trattamento di nausea, vomito, parassiti intestinali, mal di testa, debolezza cardiaca, disturbi gastrici e della memoria.
Il succo fresco viene consumato come diuretico, detossificante, dimagrante, digestivo, decongestionante ed antitussivo; localmente si applica per velocizzare la guarigione delle ferite, oltre che a scopo cosmetico per schiarire la pelle e rendere più soffici i capelli.
L’aroma dell’olio essenziale riduce ansia, migliora l’umore e le capacità cognitive [3].

Nella Medicina Tradizionale Cinese la buccia e il frutto immaturo essiccato dell’arancio amaro noto come zhi shi vengono impiegati nel trattamento di indigestione, dolore addominale, diarrea, dissenteria, cancro, avvelenamento, infezioni, parassitosi, alitosi, edemi, dismenorrea, dispnea, micosi, foruncoli, infiammazioni, flatulenza, prolasso, splenite, secchezza delle fauci, marasma, costipazione, congestione respiratoria, colecistiti ed altri disturbi gastrici.
In caso di paziente debole o anziano si impiega il frutto maturo che è meno potente e più facilmente tollerato [4].

E’ una pianta molto importante per la medicina ayurvedica e viene lodato come digestivo, antiemetico, ipotensivo, antitussivo, brocostimolante, antinfiammatorio, antipiretico, digestivo, rimedio per splenomegalia e menorragia. L’infusione dei fiori secchi si consuma internamente per trattare influenza, insonnia, debolezza cardiaca, spasmi, raffreddori e disturbi gastrici. La radice viene impiegata per le infezioni del tratto urinario e localmente contro foruncoli e problemi epidermici [5].

Ad Haiti l’arancio amaro ha una lunga tradizione come alimento, pianta medicinale e rituale.
Le foglie vengono bollite insieme a quelle di Annona muricata per fare dei bagni medicinali contro la febbre: il paziente viene massaggiato con il fogliame durante l’ammollo, una volta terminata la procedura deve immediatamente mettersi a dormire.
Una tisana a base di foglie di Citrus aurantium e Caffea arabica viene impiegata per controllare nervosismo e tachicardia nei casi di shock emotivo.
Il te fatto con le foglie di arancio amaro si consuma anche per trattare i sintomi dell’influenza. Inoltre vengono scaldate ed attaccate alla fronte per alleviare il mal di testa.
Il frutto viene arrostito e impastato con olio di ricino, quindi applicato sulle ferite per rimuovere i coaguli e ripristinare la circolazione.
Viene anche fatto a poltiglia nell’acqua, lasciato fuori a macerare per una notte quindi impiegato a scopo cosmetico per schiarire la pelle.
Il succo viene somministrato come rimedio per l’anemia, mischiato al bicarbonato di soda viene consumato di mattina per trattare i disturbi epatici.
In caso di problemi digestivi s fanno dei clisteri col succo addizionato con abbondante sale [6].

In Messico e Sud America l’arancio amaro è stato utilizzato come rimedio per insonnia, ansia ed epilessia.
Alle foglie vengono attribuite proprietà toniche, lassative, sedative, soporifere ed ansiolitiche. La buccia viene indicata per controllare mal di stomaco e pressione alta [7].
In Brasile tra le comunità quilongo Oriximinà si impiega contro malaria, anemia, debolezza, disturbi epatici, mal di testa ed emicrania [8].
Nell’isola di Trinidad viene impiegato a scopo medicinale come rimedio per dispepsia, intossicazioni alimentari, eccesso di muco, flatulenza, alitosi, oliguria e candidosi.

Le foglie sono usate in Africa come sedativo, la buccia viene consumata per trattare disturbi epatici, malaria, anemia, debolezza, mal di testa ed emicrania [9].
In Nigeria viene impiegato nel trattamento di cancro e disturbi infiammatori [10].

Tra i Baschi in Europa il fogliame si consuma per trattare mal di stomaco, insonnia e palpitazioni; il frutto viene considerato un efficace antispasmodico.
A Curacao nei Paesi Bassi si usa come ansiolitico, tranquillante, ipotensivo e rimedio per disturbi urinari; ne fanno anche degli shampoo medicinali [11].
Nel XVI secolo la principessa Anna Maria di Nerola estrasse un olio aromatico dai fiori, che oggi ha un prezzo proibitivo e porta ancora il nome di olio di neroli.
Un tempo in Sicilia nel territorio di Paceco si consumava il succo fresco in caso di raffreddore o influenza [12].
Il distillato di fiori di arancio amaro è stato impiegato fino agli anni ’70 per supportare la funzionalità gastrica, venivano anche decotti insieme a miele e zucchero per rinforzare cuore e stomaco.
La buccia veniva rimossa ed essiccata per poterla conservare ed utilizzare come digestivo [13].

PESTICIDA, LARVICIDA
L’olio essenziale estratto dalla buccia è stato impiegato con successo come fumigante sull’sleirode degli orti (Bemisia tabaci) [85], in un altri esperimenti ha mostrato una marcata azione larvicida sulla zanzare Anopheles labranchia e stephensi superiore a quella del Citrus sinensis [86].

Ha provocato la morte di diverse specie di afidi nelle seguenti percentuali: 74% Acyrtosiphon pisum, 74% Rhopalosiphum padi, 60% Aphis fabae e 54% Macrosiphum euphorbiae in maniera concentrazione dipendente [87].
Ha mostrato effetti tossici anche nei confronti del lepidottoro parassita Spodoptera frugiperda [88] e del ragnetto rosso (Tetranychus urticae) [89]; potrebbe avere importanti applicazioni anche in agricoltura.

-flavonoidi: esperetina, naringenina, naringina, narirutina, neoesperidina, apigenina, luteolina, diosmetina, nobiletina, desmetil nobiletina, tangeretina, kaempferolo, quercetina;

-limonoidi: limonina, nomilina, obacunone, ichangina, deacetil nomilina;

-alcaloidi: m-octopamina, acetil octapamina, p-sineprina, m-sineprina,  isopropilnorsineprina, n-metiltiramina e ordenina;

-monoterpeni: limonene, α-pinene, β-pinene, β-myrcene, ocimene, γ-terpinene, ossido di linalolo, isoterpinolene, α-terpinolene, linalil acetato, sabinene acetato, neril acetato, geranil acetato;

-triterpeni: squalene;

-sesquiterpeni: cariofillene, germacrene-D, nerolidolo;

-furanocumarine: bergaptene, ossipeucedanina

-amminoacidi: triptofano, tiramina, adenosina, asparigina, valina, isoleucina, alanina;

-acidi grassi: acido palmitico, stearico, laurico, miristico, eicosanoico, oleico e linolenico;

-steroli: ergostadienolo, β-daucosterolo, β-sitosterolo

Nelle foglie sono state identificate anche tracce di triptamina, metiltriptamina (NMT), trimetiltriptamina (TMT), serotonina (5-HT), bufotenina (5-HO-DMT) ed altre triptamine [90].

La buccia è la parte più ricca di sineprina ed alcaloidi feniletilamminici [91].

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