Descrizione
Classe: Magnoliopsida
Ordine: Malvales
Famiglia: Malvaceae
Genere: Malva
Specie: M. sylvestris
Origine: Nord Africa, Sudest asiatico, Europa
Plant Hardiness Zone: 4-8
Malva Sylvestris è pianta erbosa annuale che cresce fino ad 1m d’altezza con un fusto spesso molto ramificato.
Sviluppa delle foglie molto larghe caratteristiche che in estate si rattrappiscono, i fiori sono di un colore viola acceso con delle pittoresche venature scure.
Coltivazione
La malva è una pianta estremamente robusta, molto semplice da coltivare:
-Pressare lievemente i semi in un comune terriccio da vaso umido.
-Coprire con una busta di plastica e tenere lontano dal calore eccessivo per due settimane.
-Non necessità di cure particolari, non teme caldo o freddo
Si consumava come alimento ed erba medicinale in Siria già nel 3000 a.C come attestato dal tartaro dentale dei fossili umani dell’area in cui sono state rilevate tracce dei semi della pianta [2].
In Iran ne fanno sciroppi, decotti e preparati ad uso locale da impiegare nel trattamento di ipertensione, mal di gola, raffreddore, acne ed infiammazioni del cavo orale.
E’ nota come panirak e viene indicata come rimedio per ferite, eczema, infezioni, bronchite, disturbi respiratori e digestivi nella medicina Unani [3].
In Turchia sono soliti fare un te con i fiori della pianta come tonico generale, le foglie vengono consumate cotte [4].
Ha una lunga tradizione in Cina nella cura di disturbi infiammatori, urinari, digestivi e respiratori: il seme viene consumato come tonico, ricostituente, lassativo, diuretico, calmante, digestivo, antiparassitario e narcotico [5].
In Brasile col nome comune “malva” si ci riferisce a diverse specie anche di altri generi come Sida o Pelagornium; i fiori della sylvestris vengono largamente impiegati contro disturbi gastrointestinali, patologie epidermiche, dolore mestruale, problemi urinari, respiratori e del cavo orale.
Esternamente si applica su foruncoli, ascessi, contusioni, emorroidi ed altri disturbi infiammatori [6].
In Portogallo preparano dei decotti con foglie e fiori per il trattamento di infezioni ed infiammazioni. Esternamente la usano su infezioni urinarie, gonfiori, ferite e foruncoli [7].
In Italia viene utilizzata esternamente ed internamente nella cura di patologie a componente infiammatoria come i reumatismi.
In Campania veniva largamente impiegata come ingrediente per il risotto, oltre che nel trattamento di disturbi gastrici e respiratori [8]. Il decotto a base di foglie e fiori veniva impiegato contro il prurito vaginale [9].
Nell’area delle Dolomiti il decotto si consumava per alleviare i dolori mestruali [10].
In Sicilia e Sardegna viene impiegata come lassativo e diuretico; col decotto trattano le gengiviti, applicano i cataplasmi su foruncoli ed ulcere della pelle [11].
ERBICIDA
Un estratto acquoso di foglie di malva ha inibito la geminazione e l’allungamento dei germogli di Echinochloa crus-galli fino all’87.69% [51].
Alcaloidi: berberina, sanguinarina;
composti fenolici: acido 4-idrossibenzoico, acido 4-metossibenzoico, acido 2-idrossibenzoico, acido p-cumarico, acido ferulico, acido gallico, acido vanillico, acido sinergico, acido cinnamico, acido crisinico, pirogallolo, tirosolo, gossipina, ipolaetina, rutina, malvidina, malvina, malonil malvina, oenina, delfinidina, genisteina, miricetina, apigenina, quercetina, campferolo;
mucillagini: acido glucuronico, acido galatturonico, ramnosio, galattosio, fruttosio, glucosio e sucrosio;
cumarine: scopoletina, citroptene;
steroli: β-sitosterolo, sylvesterolo A, sylvesterolo B, sylvesterolo C;
glicosidi: malvanoil glucoside, sylvestrogenina A, sylvestrogenina B, sylvestrogenina C
fitoalessine: malvone A;
oli essenziali: acido esadecanoico, pentacosa, pentadecanone, β-damascenone, fenilacetaldeide, β-ocimene, β-ionone, decanale, furfurale, limonene, nonanale, feniletil alcol, canfora, borneolo, mentolo ed altri.
Mucillagini ed antiocianine sono i principali composti biologicamente attivi, le piante selvatiche sviluppano un contenuto maggiore di metaboliti secondari [52].
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19)Seddighfar, Masoud, Sayid Mahdi Mirghazanfari, and Masoumeh Dadpay. “Analgesic and anti-inflammatory properties of hydroalcoholic extracts of Malva sylvestris, Carum carvi or Medicago sativa, and their combination in a rat model.” Journal of integrative medicine 18.2 (2020): 181-188.
20)Radvar, Mehrdad, et al. “Clinical efficacy of an herbal mouth wash composed of Salix alba, Malva sylvestrais and Althaea officinalis in chronic periodontitis patients.” Journal of Herbal Medicine 6.1 (2016): 24-27.
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24)Pirbalouti, Abdollah Ghasemi, and Abed Koohpyeh. “Wound healing activity of extracts of Malva sylvestris and Stachys lavandulifolia.” International Journal of Biology 3.1 (2011): 174.
25)Nasiri, Ebrahim, et al. “Effect of Malva sylvestris cream on burn injury and wounds in rats.” Avicenna journal of phytomedicine 5.4 (2015): 341.
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27)Zare, Payman, et al. “Efficacy of chloroform, ethanol and water extracts of medicinal plants, Malva sylvestris and Malva neglecta on some bacterial and fungal contaminants of wound infections.” J Med Plants Res 6 (2012): 4550-4552.
28)Cheng, Cui-lin, and Zhen-yu Wang. “Bacteriostasic activity of anthocyanin of Malva sylvestris.” Journal of Forestry Research 17.1 (2006): 83-85.
29)Braga, Aline Silva, Juliana Gonçalves Pires, and Ana Carolina Magalhães. “Effect of a mouthrinse containing Malva sylvestris on the viability and activity of microcosm biofilm and on enamel demineralization compared to known antimicrobials mouthrinses.” Biofouling 34.3 (2018): 252-261.
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32)Saad, Anouar Ben, et al. “Lithium induced, oxidative stress and related damages in testes and heart in male rats: The protective effects of Malva sylvestris extract.” Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy 86 (2017): 127-135.
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35)Saad, Anouar Ben, et al. “Malva sylvestris extract protects upon lithium carbonate-induced kidney damages in male rat.” Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy 84 (2016): 1099-1107.
36)Marouane, Wafa, et al. “The protective effect of Malva sylvestris on rat kidney damaged by vanadium.” Lipids in health and disease 10.1 (2011): 1-8.
37)Babai Zarch, Ali, et al. “Malva sylvestris L. protects from fluoride nephrotoxicity in rat.” فصلنامه علمی پژوهشی گیاهان دارویی 16.61 (2017): 21-32.
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46)Rostami, Hosein, and Seyed Mohammad Taghi Gharibzahedi. “Cellulase-assisted extraction of polysaccharides from Malva sylvestris: Process optimization and potential functionalities.” International journal of biological macromolecules 101 (2017): 196-206.
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