ANTICHITA’
La salvia è stata usata fin dall’antichità per allontanare il diavolo, curare i morsi di serpente, la calvizie, la febbre ed aumentare la fertilità femminile.

Gli antichi Greci la coltivavano e la utilizzavano nei rituali religiosi, oltre che in cucina come spezia e conservante per le carni.
Ippocrate prescriveva una poltiglia a base di salvia per curare ferite infette, piaghe ed ulcere [1].
Dioscoride affermò che avesse proprietà curative su gola stretta, laringite, tosse, ferite, ulcere e irritazioni; anche Teofrasto ne fa menzione.

Gli egiziani la impiegavano per migliorare la fertilità.

Plinio il Vecchio scrisse che la salvia veniva usato dai Romani come diuretico, anestetico locale e stiptico.
Ne facevano anche un te stimolante in grado di potenziare memoria e facoltà cognitive.

ASIA
In Cina il tè alla salvia viene consumato da sempre come supporto immunitario durante i periodi freddi; con le foglie trattano disturbi respiratori, spasmi, infiammazioni ed ipertensione [2].

AMERICA
In Sud e Centro America la tisana a base di salvia viene prescritta contro convulsioni, disturbi nervosi ed ipertensione.
In Brasile le foglie fresche si masticano per rinfrescare l’alito, pulire i denti ed alleviare mal di denti ed infiammazioni gengivali.
Il decotto si beve per trattare leucorrea, infezioni urinarie, crampi mestruali ed ulcere della bocca; la tintura idroalcolica viene indicata contro stress, infiammazioni e sanguinamento eccessivo [3].

INDIA
Nella medicina Siddha Indiana la salvia, nota come karpooravalli, viene impiegata nella cura di asma, bronchite, emicrania e rinite; i vapori derivanti dalla bollitura delle foglie vengono aspirati per espettorare [4].

MEDIO ORIENTE
Nella medicina popolare in Iran il fogliame di salvia viene lodato come digestivo, analgesico, tonico, antispastico e blando sonnifero.
Il decotto si beve per alleviare dismenorrea, disturbi orofaringei e gastrointestinali.
Estratti fatti con la pianta intera vengono applicati come antisettici sulle ferite [5].

Nella città di Erzincan in Turchia Occidentale la parte aerea fiorita viene decotta per 5m senza farla bollire e consumata per trattare bronchite, mal di gola, raffreddore, disturbi renali, metabolici ed antinfiammatori [6].

In Giordania ha una lunga tradizione nella medicina popolare come antisettico, antiscabbia, antiluetico ed antinfiammatorio.
L’idrolato viene usato come farmaco veterinario per la mastite [7].

Il decotto e l’infuso di foglie di salvia vengono impiegati per il trattamento del diabete nella Provincia di Chtouka-Aït Baha e Tiznit in Marocco [8].

EUROPA
Nell’Europa medievale la salvia veniva lodata come rimedio per indigestione, reflusso acido, convulsioni, vertigini, diarrea, sclerosi, Alzheimer, colera, epilessia, disturbi respiratori, cognitivi, metabolici e psichiatrici.
Localmente si applicava contro artrite, reumatismi, scottature e per lenire il dolore.
L’infuso veniva consumato per combattere dispepsia, sudorazione eccessiva, tosse, raffreddore, disturbi della pelle, desolazione (disturbo mistico tra follia e possessione), infiammazioni orali e della gola.
Il decotto veniva lodato come vermicida ed impiegato per faringite, supporto digestivo e metabolico.
La pasta fatta con il fogliame tritato si usava localmente per trattare allergie, verruche, infiammazioni, morsi d’insetto e di serpente.
L’olio essenziale era utilizzato esternamente come stiptico, antisettico, antinfiammatorio, antimicotico, antispasmodico ed antidolorifero [9].
Carlomagno ne incoraggiò la coltivazione: a quei tempi veniva chiamata Salvia salvatrix, “salvia del salvatore”, e si credeva avesse proprietà curative nei confronti della peste.

L’erborista inglese Jonh Gerard scrisse che questa pianta avesse proprietà benefiche per mente e corpo: affinare i sensi, migliorare la memoria, rinforzare le cartilagini, ristorare la salute ed alleviare i tremori.

Nella medicina tradizionale Austriaca il te a base di foglie fresche viene estensivamente impiegato nel trattamento di disturbi gastrointestinali, della pelle e delle mucose [10].

Nel comume di Zagori in Grecia la salvia si usa contro diarrea, dissanteria, indigestione, disturbi epatici, febbre, malaria, reumatismi, artrite, diabete, ulcere, infezioni urinarie e della faringe [11].

Nella regione di Valencia in Spagna consumano il decotto di foglie di salvia per stimolare l’appetito, l’arrivo delle mestruazioni ed abbassare la pressione arteriosa. L’infuso viene lodato per le proprietà disintossicanti ed antisettiche [12].
La popolazione di Sagarra, una della comarche della Catalogna, beve il decotto e l’infuso per abbassare la pressione arteriosa [13].

Nella regione di Samogitia in Lituania il te di foglie di salvia si consuma per alleviare il mal di gola; estratti alcolici ed aquosi di foglie e fiori vengono impiegati contro la tosse [14].
La popolazione della città di Negotin nella Serbia Occidentale beve l’infuso di foglie di salvia come antisettico ed antinfiammatorio in caso di problemi a gola, gengive o denti [15].

Nel centro Italia si usava mettere del fogliame di salvia sotto al letto per scacciare insetti ed altri parassiti [16].
Nel comune di Acquapendente nel Lazio le nonne bollivano el vino le foglie di salvia insieme alla bacche di cipresso e ginepro; la somministravano come pozione rinforzante ai bambini più piccoli di un anno che ancora non camminavano.
Il decotto di salvia, mela, semi di anice, boccioli di lime, camomilla, datteri e miele veniva consumato per combattere la tosse [17].
Nei comuni di Escolca e Lotzorai in Sardegna il decotto di foglie di salvia si indicava contro bruciori e disturbi del cavo orale [18].
Nell’area delle Madonie in Sicilia il decotto e l’infuso di foglie di salvia si consumava per abbassare la febbre [19].

PESTICIDA
L’olio essenziale di salvia danneggia il DNA, funzione mitocondriale ed acetilcolinestrasi delle larve di Aedes aegypti [96].
L’olio essenziale di salvia ha manifestato una significativa attività repellente e fumigante contro Tribolium castaneum e Ulomoides dermestoides concentrazione dipendente, i ricercatori ipotizzano possa avere potenziali applicazioni nel controllo dei parassiti [97].
In altri test ha mostrato un effetto repellente e pesticida più duraturo e potente di rosmarino e coriandolo sul coleottero Callosobruchus maculatus [98].

ERBICIDA
L’olio essenziale ha ridotto la germinazione dei semi di lattuga del 47,5% inibendo anche la crescita della radice [89].
In un altra ricerca ha ridotto la geminabilità di Amaranthus retroflexus, Chenopodium album, Echinochloa crus-galli, Triticum aestivum e Solanum lycopersicum [99].

Flavonoidi: apigenina, apigenin-7-O-glucoside, apigenin-acetilglucoside, apigenin-4′-metiletere, isoramnetina, luteolina, luteolin-7-glucoside, luteolin-glucuronide, 6-OH-luteolin-6-metiletere, omoplantaginina, ispidulina, carnosolo, metossicarnosolo, vicenina-2, quercetina, quercetin-3-O-galattoside, quercetin-3-O-ramnoside, kaempferolo, crisina, galangina, catechina, epicatechina, gallato di epigallocatechina, gallato di gallocatechina, rutina, scutellarein-6-metil etere, isoscutellarein-8-metil etere, diosmetina, pectolinarigenina;

acidi fenolici: tannico, oleico, rosmarinico, clorogenico, caffeico, ellagico, cumarico,  betullinico, salvianolico, salvianico, acido gallico, sinapico, vanillico, caftarico, idrossibenzoico, siringico, ferulico e tricoumaroil-spermidina;

terpenoidi: acido ursonico, acido ursolico, acido asiatico, acido bentamico, acido micromerico, acido carnosico,carnosolo, galdosolo, camosolo, ferruginolo, salviquinoni, canfene, pinene, farnesene, cimene, limonene, sabinene, mircene, cimene, cadinene, terpinene, terpinenolo, eucaliptolo, manololo, ledolo, viridifloro, terpinil acetato, epimanolo, sugiolo, borneolo, canfora, cariofillene, ossido di isocariofillene,  cariofillenolo, citronellil-propionato, elemene, umulene, ledene, tujone, lupeolo, rosmadiale, rosmanolo, octenolo, epirosmanolo, irorosmanolo, columbaridione, atuntzensina A, miltirone ed altri derivati apiananici;

cumarine: salviacumarina, esculetina;

fitosteroli: β-sitosterolo, β-campesterolo, avenasterolo, stigmasterolo;

alcaloidi: sitsirikina, vinblastina, vindolina, catarantina, vinleurosina;

polisaccaridi: pectina, arabinogalattani, glucuronoxilani;

carotenoidi;

tannini;

amminoacidi: treonina, valina, isoleucina, fenilalanina, arginina, serina, glicina, leucina, cisteina, tirosina, acido aspartico, acido glutamico;

vitamine: B9, B3, B6, B2, B1, A, C, E, K;

minerali: calcio, rame, ferro, magnesio, manganese, zinco.

Diversi fattori ambientali possono influenzare il vasto fitocomplesso, la siccità provoca un marcato aumento nel contenuto di monoterpeni e polifenoli [100].

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22)Tober, Carsten, and Roland Schoop. “Modulation of neurological pathways by Salvia officinalis and its dependence on manufacturing process and plant parts used.” BMC complementary and alternative medicine 19.1 (2019): 1-10.

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25)Hasanein, Parisa, Masoud Teimuri Far, and Abbasali Emamjomeh. “Salvia officinalis L. attenuates morphine analgesic tolerance and dependence in rats: possible analgesic and sedative mechanisms.” The American journal of drug and alcohol abuse 41.5 (2015): 405-413.

26)Mansourabadi, Amir Hossein, et al. “Anti-inflammatory and analgesic properties of salvigenin, Salvia officinalis flavonoid extracted.” Advanced Herbal Medicine 2.1 (2016): 31-41.

27)Bauer, Julia, et al. “Carnosol and carnosic acids from Salvia officinalis inhibit microsomal prostaglandin E2 synthase-1.” Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics 342.1 (2012): 169-176.

28)Baricevic, D., et al. “Topical anti-inflammatory activity of Salvia officinalis L. leaves: the relevance of ursolic acid.” Journal of ethnopharmacology 75.2-3 (2001): 125-132.

29)Sharifipour, Forouzan, Mandana Mirmohammad Ali, and Mozhgan Hashemzadeh. “Comparison of the effect of Citrus arantium and Salvia officinalis aroma on post-cesarean section pain.” The Iranian Journal of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Infertility 20.2 (2017): 41-49.

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32)Rutherford, Diane M., et al. “Isolation and identification from Salvia officinalis of two diterpenes which inhibit t-butylbicyclophosphoro [35S] thionate binding to chloride channel of rat cerebrocortical membranes in vitro.” Neuroscience letters 135.2 (1992): 224-226.

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35)Kavvadias, Dominique, et al. “Constituents of sage (Salvia officinalis) with in vitro affinity to human brain benzodiazepine receptor.” Planta medica 69.02 (2003): 113-117.

36)Choukairi, Zineb, et al. “Effect of salvia Officinalis L. and Rosmarinus Officinalis L. leaves extracts on anxiety and neural activity.” Bioinformation 15.3 (2019): 172.

37)Zeidabadi, Afsaneh, et al. “The effect of Salvia officinalis extract on symptoms of flushing, night sweat, sleep disorders, and score of forgetfulness in postmenopausal women.” Journal of family medicine and primary care 9.2 (2020): 1086.

38)Wilfried, Dimpfel, Chiegoua Dipah Gwladys Nina, and Bommer Silvia. “Effectiveness of Menosan® Salvia officinalis in the treatment of a wide spectrum of menopausal complaints. A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled, clinical trial.” Heliyon 7.2 (2021): e05910.

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40)Vandecasteele, Katrien, et al. “Evaluation of the efficacy and safety of Salvia officinalis in controlling hot flashes in prostate cancer patients treated with androgen deprivation.” Phytotherapy Research 26.2 (2012): 208-213.

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43)Monsefi, Malihezaman, et al. “Salvia officinalis L. induces alveolar bud growing in adult female rat mammary glands.” Avicenna journal of phytomedicine 5.6 (2015): 560.

44)Mirazi, Naser, Nasrin Abdolmaleki, and Minoo Mahmoodi. “Study of salvia officinalis hydroethanolic extract on serum thyroid hormone levels in hypothyroid male rat.” Avicenna Journal of Clinical Medicine 19.4 (2013): 27-35.

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54)Khedher, Mohamed R. Ben, et al. “Preventive effects of Salvia officinalis leaf extract on insulin resistance and inflammation in a model of high fat diet-induced obesity in mice that responds to rosiglitazone.” PeerJ 6 (2018): e4166.

55)Eidi, Akram, and Maryam Eidi. “Antidiabetic effects of sage (Salvia officinalis L.) leaves in normal and streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats.” Diabetes & Metabolic Syndrome: Clinical Research & Reviews 3.1 (2009): 40-44.

56)EI-Serwy, Eman, and E. I. Abd. “Influence of Sage (Salvia Officinalis L.) and Purslane (Portulaca Oleracea L.) on Weight Reduction and Some Biochemical Parameters in Rats Suffering from Obesity.” Egyptian Journal of Nutrition and Health 7.1 (2012): 1-16.

57)Belhadj, Sahla, et al. “Metabolic impairments and tissue disorders in alloxan-induced diabetic rats are alleviated by Salvia officinalis L. essential oil.” Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy 108 (2018): 985-995.

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60)Kianbakht, S., and F. Hashem Dabaghian. “Improved glycemic control and lipid profile in hyperlipidemic type 2 diabetic patients consuming Salvia officinalis L. leaf extract: a randomized placebo. Controlled clinical trial.” Complementary therapies in medicine 21.5 (2013): 441-446.

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64)Capek, P., et al. “Characterization of immunomodulatory polysaccharides from Salvia officinalis L.” International journal of biological macromolecules 33.1-3 (2003): 113-119.

65)Capek, Peter, and Vĕra Hřı́balová. “Water-soluble polysaccharides from Salvia officinalis L. possessing immunomodulatory activity.” Phytochemistry 65.13 (2004): 1983-1992.

66)Jiang, Baohong, et al. “Cardioprotection and matrix metalloproteinase-9 regulation of salvianolic acids on myocardial infarction in rats.” Planta medica 75.12 (2009): 1286-1292.

67)Fahmy, Maha A., et al. “Carbon tetrachloride induced hepato/renal toxicity in experimental mice: antioxidant potential of Egyptian Salvia officinalis L essential oil.” Environmental Science and Pollution Research 25.28 (2018): 27858-27876.

68)Koubaa, Fatma Ghorbel, et al. “Microwave extraction of Salvia officinalis essential oil and assessment of its GC-MS identification and protective effects versus vanadium-induced nephrotoxicity in Wistar rats models.” Archives of physiology and biochemistry 125.5 (2019): 404-413.

69)Jedidi, Saber, et al. “Strong protective effects of Salvia officinalis L. leaves decoction extract against acetic acid-induced ulcerative colitis and metabolic disorders in rat.” Journal of Functional Foods 79 (2021): 104406.

70)Mayer, Barbara, et al. “Gastroprotective constituents of Salvia officinalis L.” Fitoterapia 80.7 (2009): 421-426.

71)Theoduloz, Cristina, et al. “Gastroprotective effect and cytotoxicity of carnosic acid derivatives.” Planta medica 77.09 (2011): 882-887.

72)Khan, Aslam, et al. “Antidiarrheal and antispasmodic activities of Salvia officinalis are mediated through activation of K+ channels.” ||| Bangladesh Journal of Pharmacology||| 6.2 (2011): 111-116.

73)Sallam, Amal, et al. “Acetylcholine esterase inhibitors and melanin synthesis inhibitors from Salvia officinalis.” Phytomedicine 23.10 (2016): 1005-1011.

74)Ahmed, Osama M., et al. “Assessment of the Preventive Effects of Salvia officinalis and Ruta graveolens Ethanolic Extracts on Chlorpyrifos-and Methomyl-induced Testicular and Cardiac Toxicities in Albino Rats.” Am. J. Med. Med. Sci. 7.7 (2017): 287-301.

75)Garcia, Charlene SC, et al. “Pharmacological perspectives from Brazilian Salvia officinalis (Lamiaceae): antioxidant, and antitumor in mammalian cells.” Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciências 88.1 (2016): 281-292.

76)Fatemeh, Z. S. “Inhibitory and Cytotoxic Activities of Salvia officinalis L. Extract on Human Lymphoma and Leukemia Cells by Induction of Apoptosis.” Advanced Pharmaceutical Bulletin 3.1 (2013): 51-55.

77)Keshavarz, Maryam, et al. “Anti tumor activity of Salvia officinalis is due to its anti-angiogenic, anti-migratory and anti-proliferative effects.” (2011): 477-482.

78)Privitera, G., et al. “Anticancer activity of Salvia officinalis essential oil and its principal constituents against hormone-dependent tumour cells.” Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine 9.1 (2019): 24.

79)Bahri, Sana, et al. “Salvia officinalis attenuates bleomycin-induced oxidative stress and lung fibrosis in rats.” Nutrition and cancer 72.7 (2020): 1135-1145.

80)Chen, Ya-Yu, et al. “Anti-fibrotic effect of rosmarinic acid on inhibition of pterygium epithelial cells.” International journal of ophthalmology 11.2 (2018): 189.

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